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Comment le mont Kilimandjaro s’est-il formé

Le majestueux mont Kilimandjaro surplombe des collines verdoyantes, son sommet enneigé illuminé par la lumière du soleil.

Le mont Kilimandjaro est l’une des montagnes les plus célèbres au monde. S’élevant fièrement en Tanzanie, en Afrique, c’est la plus haute montagne isolée de la Terre. Mais t’es-tu déjà demandé comment s’est formé le mont Kilimandjaro ?

Contrairement aux autres montagnes qui font partie d’une chaîne plus vaste, le Kilimandjaro se dresse seul, s’élevant au-dessus des terres tel un gardien imposant. Sa création est une histoire fascinante de feu, de lave et de forces puissantes agissant sous la surface de la Terre.

Il y a des millions d’années, de profondes fissures dans la croûte terrestre ont permis à la roche en fusion de remonter, créant ainsi d’immenses volcans. Le Kilimandjaro est né de cette activité ardente, prenant la forme du sommet époustouflant que nous voyons aujourd’hui. Mais ce n’est pas tout, car cette montagne possède trois cônes volcaniques, chacun racontant une partie différente de son histoire.

Dans cet article, nous allons explorer comment le mont Kilimandjaro s’est formé, étape par étape, de manière simple à comprendre. Plongeons dans le passé et découvrons les secrets de ce puissant volcan.

Comment s’est formé le mont Kilimandjaro ? Un voyage tectonique

Le mont Kilimandjaro est un stratovolcan, un type de volcan constitué de multiples couches de lave durcie, de cendres volcaniques et de roche. Son histoire commence il y a des millions d’années, au plus profond de la croûte terrestre, là où les forces géologiques ont façonné sa formation.

La croûte terrestre est composée de sections mobiles appelées plaques tectoniques. En Afrique de l’Est, ces plaques ont commencé à s’écarter, créant de profondes fissures dans le sol. Ce processus est connu sous le nom de formation de rift et fait partie de l’immense système de rift est-africain qui continue de façonner la région aujourd’hui.

À mesure que la terre s’étirait et se fracturait, la roche en fusion, ou magma, provenant des profondeurs de la Terre a commencé à remonter par ces fissures. Lorsqu’il a atteint la surface, il a jailli sous forme de lave qui a progressivement accumulé des couches pour former l’imposant Kilimandjaro. Mais contrairement à un volcan unique, le Kilimandjaro se compose de trois cônes volcaniques — Shira, Mawenzi et Kibo — chacun ayant sa propre histoire :

  • Shira, le cône le plus ancien, s’est formé il y a environ 2,5 millions d’années. C’était autrefois un sommet massif, mais il a fini par s’effondrer à cause de l’érosion et de l’activité volcanique, laissant derrière lui un vaste plateau.
  • Mawenzi s’est formé ensuite, il y a environ 1 million d’années. Sa structure découpée et escarpée est le résultat d’une activité volcanique intense et de l’érosion.
  • Kibo, le cône le plus jeune et le plus haut, culmine à 5 895 mètres (19 341 pieds). Sa dernière éruption remonte à une période comprise entre 150 000 et 200 000 ans, et il présente encore des signes d’activité volcanique, notamment des fumerolles (évents de vapeur) près de son sommet.

Même si les volcans du Kilimandjaro sont désormais endormis (ce qui signifie qu’ils ne sont pas actifs), leur formation a façonné le paysage que nous voyons aujourd’hui. Au fil des millénaires, les glaciers, le vent et la pluie ont sculpté les pentes de la montagne, créant des vallées profondes et des crêtes rocheuses.

Le mont Kilimandjaro témoigne de la puissance des forces terrestres. Des éruptions ardentes aux glaciers lents, sa formation est une histoire de changement, de destruction et de beauté.

Les étapes de la formation du Kilimandjaro

Le mont Kilimandjaro n’est pas apparu du jour au lendemain, car il a fallu des millions d’années pour qu’il se forme à travers différentes étapes volcaniques. Le processus a commencé profondément sous la surface de la Terre, où une activité géologique intense a forcé la roche en fusion (magma) à remonter et à bâtir ce que nous appelons aujourd’hui le Kilimandjaro. Cela s’est produit en trois étapes principales :

  1. La naissance de Shira (il y a environ 2,5 millions d’années)

La première étape de la formation du Kilimandjaro a commencé il y a environ 2,5 millions d’années avec l’éruption de Shira. À cette époque, le magma provenant des profondeurs de la Terre a traversé la croûte tout en formant un grand cône volcanique.

Cependant, après des milliers d’années, l’activité volcanique de Shira a décliné et le sommet a fini par s’effondrer en raison de l’érosion et de l’instabilité interne. Cet effondrement a créé le plateau de Shira, une zone vaste et relativement plate qui reste visible aujourd’hui. Shira est le plus court des trois cônes et n’est plus actif.

  1. La formation de Mawenzi (il y a environ 1 million d’années)

Après que Shira est devenu inactif, l’activité volcanique s’est déplacée vers un nouvel emplacement, ce qui a conduit à la formation de Mawenzi, dont l’éruption a eu lieu il y a environ 1 million d’années. Les éruptions de Mawenzi ont formé une montagne escarpée et découpée, mais au fil du temps, une érosion intense a creusé des vallées profondes et des crêtes acérées dans sa structure.

Contrairement au Kibo, qui reste assez arrondi, l’aspect du Mawenzi est rugueux et escarpé en raison de siècles d’érosion. Bien que le Mawenzi soit éteint, il reste le deuxième plus haut sommet du Kilimandjaro, atteignant 5 149 mètres (16 893 pieds).

  1. L’ascension du Kibo (d’il y a environ 500 000 ans à aujourd’hui)

L’étape finale et la plus importante de la formation du Kilimandjaro a été l’éruption du Kibo, qui a commencé il y a environ 500 000 ans. Ce fut l’activité volcanique la plus puissante et la plus durable, créant finalement le plus haut sommet de la montagne.

Les éruptions du Kibo se sont poursuivies pendant des milliers d’années, ajoutant des couches de lave et de cendres qui en ont fait le cône dominant. Aujourd’hui, le Kibo culmine à 5 895 mètres (19 341 pieds) et reste le mieux préservé des trois cônes volcaniques du Kilimandjaro. Il présente encore des traces d’éruptions passées, notamment un grand cratère et des fumerolles fumantes.

Dernière activité volcanique et statut de sommeil

Bien que le Kilimandjaro ne soit plus un volcan en éruption active, son activité volcanique passée ne s’est pas arrêtée soudainement. Le Kibo a continué d’entrer en éruption périodiquement, la dernière éruption importante ayant eu lieu il y a entre 150 000 et 200 000 ans. L’activité volcanique mineure la plus récente sur le Kilimandjaro s’est produite il y a environ 360 000 ans, lorsque des coulées de lave ont dévalé ses pentes.

Aujourd’hui, le Kibo est considéré comme un volcan endormi, ce qui signifie qu’il n’est pas actuellement en éruption mais qu’il a toujours le potentiel de redevenir actif. Les scientifiques ont détecté des fumerolles (évents de vapeur) près du cratère du Kibo, ce qui suggère que de la chaleur est toujours présente sous la surface.

Cependant, il n’y a aucun signe d’éruption imminente. Contrairement aux volcans éteints qui sont définitivement inactifs, un volcan endormi comme le Kilimandjaro pourrait théoriquement entrer de nouveau en éruption si les conditions géologiques appropriées sont réunies.

Érosion et influence glaciaire

Le mont Kilimandjaro n’a pas seulement été façonné par des éruptions volcaniques, mais aussi par l’érosion et l’activité glaciaire au fil des millénaires. Une fois les éruptions terminées, les forces du vent, de la pluie et de la glace ont progressivement modifié le paysage de la montagne.

Sculpture glaciaire et formations de glace

Pendant l’ère glaciaire, le Kilimandjaro était recouvert de grands glaciers qui s’étendaient loin sur ses pentes. Ces glaciers ont lentement creusé des vallées profondes et laissé derrière eux des surfaces rocheuses lisses.

Au fil du temps, le mouvement de la glace et les températures glaciales ont façonné les crêtes et les falaises de la montagne. Certains des glaciers les plus célèbres du Kilimandjaro, comme le glacier Furtwängler, sont des vestiges de cette ancienne couverture de glace.

Fonte des glaciers et changement climatique

Au cours des derniers siècles, les glaciers du Kilimandjaro ont rétréci en raison du changement climatique. Des études montrent que plus de 80 % de la glace du Kilimandjaro a disparu au cours des 100 dernières années, et les scientifiques prédisent que les glaciers restants pourraient s’évanouir complètement dans les décennies à venir. La fonte des glaces a également affecté les sources d’eau de la montagne, réduisant les ruisseaux et les rivières qui s’écoulaient autrefois de ses sommets.

Érosion par le vent et la pluie

Outre les glaciers, le vent et la pluie ont joué un rôle majeur dans le façonnement du Kilimandjaro. Les fortes précipitations sur les pentes inférieures ont creusé des vallées profondes, tandis que les vents violents à haute altitude ont progressivement usé les formations rocheuses exposées. Cette érosion constante a contribué aux paysages accidentés et spectaculaires que l’on voit sur la montagne aujourd’hui.

Dernières réflexions

La formation du mont Kilimandjaro est une histoire de feu, de glace et de temps. Elle a commencé comme un volcan ardent dont les éruptions ont créé trois cônes volcaniques. Au fil des millénaires, l’activité volcanique a façonné ses sommets imposants, mais une fois les éruptions arrêtées, les glaciers et l’érosion ont continué à sculpter la montagne. Aujourd’hui, le Kilimandjaro est la plus haute montagne d’Afrique, une merveille géologique façonnée par des forces à la fois destructrices et créatrices. Comprendre son histoire nous aide à apprécier la puissance de la nature et les changements qui continuent de façonner le paysage terrestre.

FAQ

Où se trouve le mont Kilimandjaro ?

Le mont Kilimandjaro est situé en Tanzanie, en Afrique de l’Est, près de la frontière avec le Kenya. C’est la plus haute montagne d’Afrique, culminant à 5 895 mètres (19 341 pieds) au-dessus du niveau de la mer. La montagne fait partie du parc national du Kilimandjaro, un site classé au patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO.

Sur quelle limite de plaque se trouve le mont Kilimandjaro ?

Le mont Kilimandjaro n’est pas situé directement sur une limite de plaque. Il se trouve plutôt dans la zone du rift est-africain, causée par la limite divergente entre la plaque africaine et la plaque somalienne.

Quel type de volcan est le mont Kilimandjaro ?

Le mont Kilimandjaro est un stratovolcan, également appelé volcan composite. Ce type de volcan se forme à partir de couches de lave durcie et de cendres accumulées au fil du temps. Le Kilimandjaro se compose de trois cônes volcaniques : Shira (éteint), Mawenzi (éteint) et Kibo (endormi, mais pas éteint).

À quand remonte la dernière éruption du mont Kilimandjaro ?

La dernière éruption majeure du mont Kilimandjaro a eu lieu il y a entre 150 000 et 200 000 ans. L’activité volcanique mineure la plus récente, comme les coulées de lave, s’est produite il y a environ 360 000 ans. Aujourd’hui, le Kibo, le cône le plus élevé, est endormi mais présente toujours une certaine activité géothermique, comme des fumerolles fumantes près du cratère.

Comment s’est formé le mont Kilimandjaro (réponse courte) ?

Le mont Kilimandjaro a été formé par des éruptions volcaniques causées par le rift est-africain. Il y a plus de 2,5 millions d’années, le magma provenant des profondeurs de la Terre a percé la surface, créant les cônes Shira, Mawenzi et Kibo. Des éruptions répétées ont édifié la montagne et, au fil du temps, l’érosion et les glaciers ont aidé à façonner son apparence actuelle.

À propos de l'auteur
Image de George Joseph
George Joseph

Écrivain expert et alpiniste spécialisé dans le Kilimandjaro et les safaris en Tanzanie. En tant que PDG de Kilidove Tours, je combine une expérience d'aventure de première main avec des connaissances approfondies pour créer du contenu inspirant sur le trekking en montagne et l'exploration de la faune à travers la Tanzanie.

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saschastoltenow
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A life-time experience We were on a family trip to Tansania and through a recommendation for a Safari operator we got in contact with Kilidove. And what can I say: Right from the moment Sam, our guide for the first week, picked us up at Kilimanjaro Airport, we were complety immersed. And yes, we were tourists, but never really feeled like, but more as guests, with Sam beeing the perfect host - a true lover of the animals and nature, an excellent driver and very attentive and open to share his experiences.
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Jillian D
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Incredible people! Trip of a lifetime! Kilidove is incredible!! We did the 6 day machame route on Kilimanjaro followed by a 4 day safari followed by 4 days in Zanzibar. The accommodations were amazing, the people were even better and we are both vegan and gluten free and they were able to accommodate (even on the mountain while camping). I cannot say enough good things about this company!! For the trek up Kili our chief guide was Colman and he was so kind, funny, and caring. Because of him we both had a successful and pleasurable experience summiting. He is an excellent guide! For our safari we had Jackson and we saw the big 5 plus every other animal you could think of. He was an excellent safari guide. We had one small hiccup on the trip in Zanzibar with a city tour that got cut a bit short. Notified the company and they were extremely apologetic, comped our dinner for the next 3 nights (which was completely unnecessary but much appreciated) and given a new tour guide for the next day. The trip then ran flawlessly. They most definitely made it right! They are amazing. I recommend kilidove to anyone and everyone for all your Africa adventures!!
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san
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Best safari tour ever! We booked our honey moon with Kilidove and it was the best experience ever!We were super lucky to get Bony as our guide and he couldn’t have been better!!The overall experience was great, they care about sustainability and our guide was super respectful to wilde life!! 10/10 experience.Everything was well organized (transport, hotels, foods, itinerary) we didn’t have to worry about anything… only enjoying!
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mormon
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Perfect job, and very trustful company to climb Kilimanjaro in a 6 people group Activity: climbing Kilimanjaro.We climbed Kilimanjaro in 7 days by the Machame road.Group of 6 people, with 3 guides 1 chef, 1 waiter and 18 porters (3/pax), which is the norm. Everything went well and we succeeded in our quest to the summit. The guides and all the Tanzanian people with us have been amazing, helpful, and nice ... Considering the lack of comfort and the difficulty of the ascension, we consider that they did a perfect job with the cooperation and the advice. Asante for everything you made for us, to make the dream coming true!!
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aborow
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Mr. Bonny at Kilidove is Amazing! We had Mr. Bonny from Kilidove pick us up from our Arusha hotel and serve as a private guide for 3 nights in the Seregenti, and our return trip back to Arusha. Mr. Bonny was an incredible guide! He was so knowledgable about all the animals and everything we saw on our safari. It was clear how much he loved the animals and at home he was in the Serengeti, having grown up right outside the park. He was able to spot animals so far in the distance, and find the elusive leopard in the tree that no one else could find. Mr. Bonny was engaging, kind and an absolute pleasure to spend time with. It truly was sad to say goodbye to him. I have to also note that Mr. Bonny was a very safe driver. When driving to/from Arusha, we were stunned by the number of safari vehicles speeding by us on the unsafe and rocky dirt roads. Driving in Tanzania is not for the faint of heart, as we witnessed a few accidents, including some cows being hit by a public bus. We were so grateful to him and would highly recommend!
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Franziska
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Best safari experience! We spent our honeymoon in Tanzania for a 9 day safari trip in Tarangire, Lake Manyara, Serengeti and Ngorongoro national parks and it probably was the most incredible experience we had so far. The booking process was really comfortable and easy, Lisa answered all of our questions quickly and made the safari fit to all our wishes (not leaving the set budget out of mind).We especially want to thank our guide, Sam, for the amazing trip that was mostly his merit. He went above and beyond to ensure we got the most out of our trip. He had a profunde knowledge of all the locations and the wildlife and knew where the best spots for watching wildlife were. No wishes remained unfulfilled. Besides that, Sam was incredibly nice and a great (and hilarious) company during the long car rides. Everybody getting to do a safari trip with him can call themselves lucky!Thank you so much to the whole team, asante sana!
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PaulU561
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Superb in every way. Highly recommended and without hesitation! Choose Kilidove for the experience of a lifetime! We contacted Kilidove after an online search to find a company that could plan a month-long itinerary including Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania ending in Zanzibar to celebrate my 60th birthday. We received back a professionally presented proposal which we were delighted to find was a privately guided tour. Our only essential requirement was to see the mountain gorillas in Rwanda, but the proposal was comprehensive and varied including safaris as well as cultural experiences. We had to book our own international flights, apply for necessary visas and get certain vaccinations ourselves, but everything else was taken care of without a single hiccup. We stayed in a variety of accommodations from 5-star hotels and lodges to tented camps and they all enhanced our adventure in different ways. The main guides and drivers, Duncan, George and Boni were all professional, dedicated and enthusiastic. Our stand out experiences were obviously meeting the gorillas high up in the mountain in Rwanda, seeing the elusive leopard up a tree in Kenya, spending 90 minutes alone with a lion family complete with four cubs by a water hole in the Serengeti and two hours hunting with the Hadzabe tribe in Tanzania. There were many more, the cheetahs close up in the Maasai Mara and the hot air balloon ride, the many different bird species including huge flocks of flamingos and pelicans, the Karen Blixen Museum in Nairobi, the Genocide Memorial in Kigali, the cycling tour of Mto Wa Mbu, I could write a book! It was a very active holiday so it was nice to just chill out in Zanzibar for five days at the end. Everything was organised by the incredible Lisa Adams who was there to help with any questions via WhatsApp or email throughout the planning process and after we had arrived in East Africa. We were told there are 300+ safari companies in Arusha where she is based and for sure, without hesitation, we would highly recommend Kilidove to anyone. They were superb in every way. As well as that I have now clocked up my 87th country worldwide and my 13th African country. Thank you Kilidove for everything!
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Louise G
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A memorable outstanding safari to Kenya and Tanzania , Hakuna Matata We just came back from a wonderful , well planned and organized safari to Kenya and Tanzania for 12 days and with an additional 5 days in Zanzibar from October 6th to October 23rd 2023. We really want to thank Lisa Adams who helped us plan and coordinate this memorable, private safari and leisure time in these countries. We had marvelous, respectful , reliable and so knowledgeable guides and drivers. First, Kelvin Vinkar from Dove Africa, the sister company in Kenya, was on time at the airport and despite the fact that we missed our connection with Qatar airlines, everything turned out quite well with the airlines personnel and we were on time for our schedule to go to our first park Amboseli and to Kibo safari lodge for two nignts. Perfect, we had game drives on both days that were unbelievable with the Kilimandjaro that was so clear. We were able to see so many species of animals such as girafes, elephants, zebras, Thomson's gazelles ,antilopes, impalas, waterbucks, cheetahs and lions with all their beauty and living environment. The Kibo lodge was very comfortable with beautiful views of the Kilimanjaro. We continued our itinary to lake Nakuru, 9 hours of driving and stopping at the incredible Great Rift valley. We were so happy to visit the park as we saw 2 rhinoceros, mother and baby , we were at our 4 th big 5 already . We were a bit late to arrive at the Ziwa Bush Lodge that seemed to be very nice, so quiet and peaceful, the staff accomodated us so nicely for one night, The next morning we left for the Maassai Mara reserve and Olengoti eco lodge at Narok at the Talek river . What a reception on arrival we got by all the staff, an incredible 2 days , having breakfast and dinner with the hippopotams and crocrodiles and beautiful and memorable game drive to the awesome Maassai Mara reserve , The plains are so beautiful and the animals are incredible. We were able to visit a Maassai village near the camp, memorable time with these beautiful people and children. We learned so much of their culture and habits. Kelvin with his calm and patience drove us safely for 5 hours through massai mara reserve to the border of Tanzania. We didn't have trouble to pass the border and customs and Bonnie , Boniphace Sospiter our incredible guide for Tanzania was already waiting for us for the take over. We were heading to the Serengeti park north side to Gnu migration camp. We were the only visitors , what a service we had . With a little of rain but a real blessing as David said. Marvelous meals and attention from the staff, We already start with a game drive that was so wonderful in Serengeti parks with all the beautiful Gnus and Zebras and the next morning a leopard our 5th big five that was missing so far, Bonnie was so knowledgeable, sensitive , very helpful and very accomodating to all our needs and ensure we see animals in all their behaviors of calm or hunting. He ensure in every camp that we always had our lunch to all game drives on long days. We loved so much all the Mawe lodges that we visit along our itinary in Serengeti and Norongoro crater, Karatu and Tarangire national parks. All the teams and personel of the Mawe lodges are so welcoming, so nice and so handsome . We loved everyone we met. Bonnie drove us to the airport after 7 days of intense safari games but so memorable in the savanah . We flew for internal flight to Zanzibar with flight link and other driver Luqman was waiting for us, and drove us to Tembo hotel, in Stonetown, so beautiful and confortable on the beach with a wonderful view of the port. The next morning we were able to have a visit of stone town that was very interesting to learn the history and culture, the big market. We could visit the Freddy Mercury museum. After we left for Pongwe beach hotel for 4 days that concluded in peace and rest at the marvelous beach and resort with excellent cuisine. We will always remember this wonderful trip of East Africa and Zanzibar and we are so happy to have chosen Kilidove safari and tours for planning the trip as everything went so well , so safely and so well organized and the choices of the lodge or camp were so confortable and we ate everywhere so well with an outstanding service with amazing staff. Thank you to every one we met in this incredible journey and you will always remain in our hearts. Hakuna Matata. Louise and Serge from Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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"Bucket List Brilliance" We 6 Seasoned Safari Enthusiasts were blown away by The Serengeti Experience. The best decision was adopting Kilidove Tours to hang it all together. Lisa, your Admin. Management was perfect. (even to the extent of organizing a Birthday Party Cake in the Bush). Then there was our Driver/Guide and Friend Bonny, You are simply "The Best".Asante-sana. Derek Fay (Cape Town).
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KatieCT045
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5 Stars isn't high enough for Kilidove Tours My husband and I have recently returned from a 15-day private adventure designed and carried out by Kilidove Tours and Safaris. From start to finish this trip was planned and executed flawlessly thanks to the amazing team at Kilidove. On a scale from one to ten, they deserve a fifteen! I could write pages about our experience, but I will try to hit the highlights. From the first contact a year before our trip, Lisa Adams (Kilidove’s operations manager) responded to every question in a series of emails ranging from possible itineraries to vehicle maintenance. The result was the perfect trip that addressed every wish and concern on our list- safari start day in case of travel delays, safari locations, cultural experiences, snorkeling, and a beach retreat. Our safari guide mentioned several times how impressed he was with our personalized itinerary.Eleven months passed between the date we booked our trip and our departure for Tanzania. During that time whenever a question came up, I would send an email off to Kilidove and Lisa would respond immediately. We received guidance on packing lists, luggage limits, visa requirements, and availability of health services. All this information allowed us to be well prepared for our Tanzanian adventure.Once in Tanzania, each person we encountered did everything they could to make us feel at home and worked tirelessly to ensure we had the best experience possible. All the accommodations were clean and comfortable ranging from the Mawe tent lodges to the Zanzibar beach resort. Meals were tailored to an American/European pallet and the greatest care was taken to provide safe water and food in order to prevent any illness. Our drivers and safari guide were the most amazing people. The range of skills they possessed took us by surprise. They are professional drivers, multi-linguists, cultural ambassadors, and wildlife experts. Each one asked us what our wishes and desires were for our trip and work tirelessly to make sure we didn’t leave Tanzania disappointed. Above all they were warm and friendly people with whom we shared many laughs and special experiences. We are forever grateful to Johnson our Arusha guide, Luqman our Zanzibar guide, Habib our Stone Town guide and most importantly Samson our safari guide who showed us more of Tanzania then we could ever have imagined. Thank you all for your hospitality and kindness.Finally, I want to thank Lisa and everyone on the Kilidove team that made our dream vacation a reality. I know during our fifteen-day adventure she kept tabs on us, either through direct contact with me or one of our guides. She was always one step ahead of us making sure that transitions from one part of the trip to the next ran smoothly. I hope that I can return to Tanzania one day and I look forward to that time when we can work together once again.